Background: Based on new evidence, exercise with type and intensity consideration may impact on pain relief and good cardiovascular responses in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS).Objective: To investigate the effect of resistance (RE) and aerobic exercise (AE) on the threshold, pain perception and cardiovascular responses in women with MS.Methods: In this semi-experimental study, Ten female patients with MS selected from MS society of Rasht who had necessary criteria and average systolic blood pressure (SBP) of 112.90 and diastolic blood pressure of 74.50 (mmHg) participated as a purposeful and available sample in 2014. Resistance exercise included 2 sets of 10 repetitions for 5 exercises as circuit and aerobic exercise consisted of cycle ergometry with intensity of 50-60% HRmax. Pain threshold, perception and blood pressure were measured with Algometer, pain scale and sphygmomanometer ALPK2 respectively. The ANOVA repeated measures and Pearson correlation coefficient were used for data analysis.Findings: SBP had a normal process, but it was non-significant after exercises. Heart rate increased (P<0.05) immediately after both exercises compared with pre-exercise significantly and at minutes of 10-60 after the exercise was significantly reduced comparing to immediately post aerobic exercise (P<0.05).Pain perception was not significant after both exercises, Pain threshold than pre-exercise level was decreased in both exercises, but significant relationship with Heart rate was observed only in aerobic exercise (P=0.041).Conclusion: Based on the findings, resistance exercise and aerobic exercise with moderate intensity probably can lead to decrease pain threshold, blood pressure and heart rate to 15 minutes after the exercise in female patients with MS.

Chronic constriction injury (CCI) is a commonly accepted model of neuropathic pain, which has been introduced by Bennett and Xie in 1988. This model contains the most usual characteristics of human neuropathic pain due to an increase in central sensitization like hyperalgesia and allodynia. It is a usual practice to apply acute pain stimulants such as thermal and mechanical ones for assessment of CCL In this experiment, formalin has been used as a chemical stimulant, which produces two phases of acute and chronic pain. In this way, the effect of CCI is not only determined in the acute phase, but also in the chronic phase, which the latter has a different mechanism of development. Furthermore, the role of formalin pain prior to CCI on formalin pain following CCI was also studied. Moreover, the role of intravenous injection of lidocaine, as a central pain blocker, before injection of formalin prior to CCI and its effect on the formalin pain post CCI was also investigated. The results showed that in the first phase of formalin test, CCI produced hyperalgesia at second day post CCI in the group which had sciatic ligation without formalin injection prior to CCI and hyperalgesia at day 14 post CCI in all groups, with or without formalin injection prior to CCI and the group who had lidocaine. In this respect, there were not any significant changes in the second phase of formalin test in all groups, except for hyperalgesia at second day post CCI in the group which had not received formalin prior to CCI.

The aim of the current study was to compare the exercise-induced HYPOALGESIA (EIH) due to Aerobic Rehabilitative Continues vs High Intensity Interval exercise. Methods: Thirtynine healthy participants (Mean ±,SE age 30 ±,9. 7 year, BMI 23. 6 ±,2. 8 kg/m2) were randomly assigned into 3 groups (13 in each) including aerobic continues exercise, high intensity interval exercise and/or control group. EIH index was recorded on before, immediately after and 30 minutes after exercise or control intervention. A mix ANOVA was used to statistically analyse the data. Results: The EIH index was significantly developed at all the quadriceps, biceps and upper trapezius muscle sites (p > 0. 05). EIH index immediately after intermittent exercise was significantly higher than immediately after continues exercise in quadriceps muscle site (p > 0. 05). Conclusion: Both modes of aerobic exercise has the potential to stimulate the EIH in the body at both the local and central level. The findings on muscular pain received during the exercise and EIH induced by different modes of exercise demonstratethat pain induced by exercise training is less likely to act as a stimulation for EIH rather than other characteristics of exercise training. Findings of this study has the potential to be used by pain relief therapists specially those who are interested in designing acute exercise trainings to be used as alternative pain relief therapy.

Background: The most common complication of herpes zoster is postherpetic neuralgia (PHN), which can cause chronic and debilitating pain. In some patients, pain persists for weeks or even years after regression of the rash and many drugs and methods should be used to treat the pain. As many patients are elder and suffer from chronic diseases, they would be affected by drug complications. Recently, subcutaneous injection of botulinum toxin is used as a new method for controlling pain with little complications. There are a few case studies about effect of botulinum toxin injection to relieve pain. We assessed the effect of subcutaneous injection of botulinum toxin on relieving pain in postherpetic neuralgia.Methods: In this intervention study, 15 patients suffer postherpetic neuralgia were enrolled by convincing sampling method. Information as age, sex, dermatome, place and duration of pain, and severity of pain were registered in patients. Then botulinum toxin injected 15 units per 10 cm² subcutaneously. Patients were followed in 2nd day, 2nd week, and 4th week after injection and pain was measured by visual analog score (VAS). Data were analyzed by Repeated Measure ANOVA test using SPSS16 software.Finding: Six patients were male and 9 were female. The mean age was 60±4.5 year and duration of pain was 6.5 month. Mean of VAS in 2nd day, 2nd week, and 4th week were 6.4, 7.2, and 7.6 respectively. Patients’ pain in 4th week were decreased compare with before injection but the difference was not statistically significant (P=0.06).Conclusion: It seemed that subcutaneously injection of botulinum toxin can relieve pain in postherpetic neuralgia. Hence this decrease in duration of the time was observed to be lesser, repetition of injection could be more effective for controlling the pain.

Aim and Background: Pain is one of the factors that produce after of decrease or opiates stop. The purpose of this study was to determination the effect of exercise training on evoking of HYPOALGESIA effect subsequent of increased BEND levels in the addicts.Methods and Materials: In this study, 20 male addicts (20-33 years old) were selected after public call and divided into drug supplement (N=10) and exercise -drug supplement (N=10) groups. The first group was performed exercise training to intensity of 70-75 percent of VO2max for twenty sessions (5 sessions per week and for 45 to 55 minutes in each session). They also was consumption 10 milligrams Methadone. The second group only was consumption 10 milligrams methadone daily. After it we survey b- Endorphin levels and HYPOALGESIA due to mechanical pain and pain due to decrease and increase of temperature.Findings: Statistic analysis was shown that the amounts of BEND significantly increase in both groups (P<0.05). Also, the first group significantly enhanced status of HYPOALGESIA in all of painful stimulus (P<0.05). Conclusions: Presumably method of exercise-drug supplement is better for decrease and management of pain in addicts.

Background. Nowadays, important aim of surgical and anesthetic teams is removing of postoperative pain. One way for decreasing of postoperative pain is usage of interathecal injection of neostigmine. Neostigmine is an anticholinesterase drug to reverse the muscle relaxant effects. The main purpose of this study was evaluation the postoperative pain analgesic efficacy and safety of intrathecal neostigmine in patient undergoing below knee surgery with spinal anesthesia. Methods. In a clinical trial study sixty adult patients in ASA physical Status I or II were randomly divided into two groups. Group one received normal 1 ml normal saline plus 3ml marcaine and another one received 1ml neostigmine (50µg) plus 3ml normal saline intrathecaly. The severity of postoperative pain was measured using a 10 cm visual analogue scale (0 mean no pain, 10 excruciating pain). If visual analogue scale was> 3, the patient requested analgesia.Findings. The mean time to the first analgesic administration was significantly prolonged by intrathecal neostigmine (10 h) compared to normal saline (4.5 h) (P< 0.001). Hypertension is seen in 2 patients in the neostigmine group but isn't seen in the normal saline (SO). also hypotension is seen only in one patient in the neostigmine group and 4 patients in the normal saline (SO). Four patients in the neostigmine group, one patient in the normal saline (SO) had nausea. In the neostigmine group there isn't any vomiting, sweating, agitation or pruritis.

Introduction: breast cancer is one of the most common cancers in the communities and allocated one third of all cancers in women to it. Breast cancer is known as the second leading cause of death due to the cancer in women. In the US, almost one of every 8 women will develop breast cancer during their lives. According to the National Cancer Registry, breast cancer ranks first among Iranian women and is allocated 16% of all cancers. Materials and methods: This study was conducted using the semi-experimental pre-test and post-test design using the control group. The study sample consisted of 30 patients. 15 patients among them were randomly assigned to each test and control groups. The research variables were assessed using Numerical Pain Rating Scale of Karoly Jensen (2001), subscale of physical complaints, check-list of mental disorder symptoms (SCL-90-R) and the physical symptoms of General Health Questionnaire (GHQ). Research findings: in this study which women with breast cancer were involved in, the results were significant in pain reduction (Numerical Rating Scale) with 95% confidence interval (P<0. 05) and in physical complaints and also physical symptoms with 99% confidence interval (P<0. 01). Discussion and Conclusion: Pain management training is effective in reducing of expressed pain, physical complaints and also physical symptoms in women with cancer.